Europe & Central Asia · High income
Russia: the economy in numbers
Per person: $17,547, or $49,568 at purchasing power parity. Population: 144 million (2025).
GDP in 2025, current US dollars: #8 of 204 economies. IMF forecast for 2026: +0.9%.
GDP
Adjusted for US inflation, in 2025 dollars: $1.51 trillion in 1988, $2.56 trillion in 2025.
GDP per capita
In 2025 dollars: $10,294 per person in 1988, $17,547 in 2025.
Real GDP growth
Average over 2016–2025: 1.8% a year. Years of falling GDP since 1990: 12 of 36.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Inflation
Consumer prices rose 9.2 times from 2000 to 2025. Highest annual inflation: 1,569% in 1992. Years with inflation above 100%: 5. The chart cuts the scale at 100%; “Full scale” shows everything.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Government debt, % of GDP
Highest since 1997: 135.2% of GDP in 1998. IMF forecast for 2031: 30.7%.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)
Stock market capitalization, % of GDP
In 2023 listed domestic companies were worth $650 billion, or 31.8% of GDP.
Population
1960: 120 million · 2025: 144 million.
Unemployment rate
1991: 5.1% · 2025: 2.1%.
Life expectancy at birth
1960: 67.5 years · 2024: 73.4 years.
Exports of goods and services
1989: 21.9% · 2025: 18.2%.
Ruble exchange rate
Official rates of the Bank of Russia: rubles per US dollar since July 1992 and per euro since 1999, weekly.
Before 1 January 1998 the Bank of Russia set its rates in old rubles. The 1998 redenomination replaced 1,000 old rubles with 1 new ruble, so those rates are divided by 1,000 here and the whole history is in today's rubles (30 December 1997: 5,960 old rubles per dollar, 5.96 new).
Rates by year
| Year | USD, 31 December | USD, year average | EUR, 31 December | EUR, year average |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 (to November 7) | 78.81 | 91.19 | ||
| 2025 | 78.23 | 83.62 | 92.09 | 94.31 |
| 2024 | 101.68 | 92.57 | 106.10 | 100.22 |
| 2023 | 89.69 | 85.25 | 99.19 | 92.24 |
| 2022 | 70.34 | 68.55 | 75.66 | 72.53 |
| 2021 | 74.29 | 73.65 | 84.07 | 87.19 |
| 2020 | 73.88 | 72.15 | 90.68 | 82.45 |
| 2019 | 61.91 | 64.74 | 69.34 | 72.50 |
| 2018 | 69.47 | 62.71 | 79.46 | 73.95 |
| 2017 | 57.60 | 58.35 | 68.87 | 65.90 |
| 2016 | 60.66 | 67.03 | 63.81 | 74.23 |
| 2015 | 72.88 | 60.96 | 79.70 | 67.78 |
| 2014 | 56.26 | 38.42 | 68.34 | 50.82 |
| 2013 | 32.73 | 31.85 | 44.97 | 42.31 |
| 2012 | 30.37 | 31.09 | 40.23 | 39.95 |
| 2011 | 32.20 | 29.39 | 41.67 | 40.88 |
| 2010 | 30.48 | 30.37 | 40.33 | 40.30 |
| 2009 | 30.24 | 31.72 | 43.39 | 44.13 |
| 2008 | 29.38 | 24.86 | 41.44 | 36.43 |
| 2007 | 24.55 | 25.58 | 35.93 | 35.02 |
| 2006 | 26.33 | 27.19 | 34.70 | 34.11 |
| 2005 | 28.78 | 28.29 | 34.19 | 35.26 |
| 2004 | 27.75 | 28.81 | 37.81 | 35.82 |
| 2003 | 29.45 | 30.69 | 36.82 | 34.67 |
| 2002 | 31.78 | 31.35 | 33.11 | 29.65 |
| 2001 | 30.14 | 29.17 | 26.49 | 26.13 |
| 2000 | 28.16 | 28.12 | 26.14 | 26.01 |
| 1999 | 27.00 | 24.61 | 27.23 | 26.22 |
| 1998 | 20.65 | 9.73 | ||
| 1997 | 5.96 | 5.79 | ||
| 1996 | 5.56 | 5.12 | ||
| 1995 | 4.64 | 4.55 | ||
| 1994 | 3.55 | 2.19 | ||
| 1993 | 1.25 | 0.93 | ||
| 1992 (from July 1) | 0.41 | 0.28 |
Year average: every calendar day counts, each official rate for the days it was in effect. 31 December: the rate in effect on that day.
Data by year
Show the year-by-year table
| Year | GDP | GDP per capita | Per capita, PPP | Real growth | Inflation | Gov. debt, % GDP | Population | Unemployment | Stock market, % GDP | Life expectancy | Exports, % GDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2031 | 1.0%f | 4.0%f | 30.7%f | ||||||||
| 2030 | 1.0%f | 4.0%f | 29.1%f | ||||||||
| 2029 | 1.0%f | 4.0%f | 27.2%f | ||||||||
| 2028 | 1.0%f | 4.0%f | 24.8%f | ||||||||
| 2027 | 0.9%f | 4.8%f | 22.2%f | ||||||||
| 2026 | 0.9%f | 6.1%f | 19.3%f | ||||||||
| 2025 | $2.56T | $17,547 | $49,568 | 1.0% | 8.7% | 16.6% | 144M | 2.1% | 18.2% | ||
| 2024 | $2.19T | $14,962 | $47,686 | 4.9% | 8.4% | 14.8% | 144M | 2.4% | 73.4 | 21.9% | |
| 2023 | $2.05T | $13,987 | $44,299 | 4.1% | 5.9% | 15.2% | 144M | 3.1% | 31.8% | 73.3 | 22.8% |
| 2022 | $2.29T | $15,626 | $40,933 | −1.4% | 13.7% | 15.1% | 144M | 3.9% | 23.1% | 72.5 | 27.7% |
| 2021 | $1.83T | $12,425 | $38,638 | 5.9% | 6.7% | 16.5% | 145M | 4.7% | 46.0% | 69.9 | 30.0% |
| 2020 | $1.49T | $10,108 | $31,491 | −2.7% | 3.4% | 19.2% | 145M | 5.6% | 46.5% | 71.3 | 25.5% |
| 2019 | $1.69T | $11,448 | $30,964 | 2.2% | 4.5% | 13.7% | 145M | 4.5% | 46.7% | 73.1 | 28.4% |
| 2018 | $1.66T | $11,212 | $28,629 | 2.8% | 2.9% | 13.6% | 145M | 4.9% | 34.8% | 72.7 | 30.8% |
| 2017 | $1.57T | $10,659 | $25,778 | 1.8% | 3.7% | 14.3% | 145M | 5.2% | 39.6% | 72.5 | 26.1% |
| 2016 | $1.28T | $8,663 | $24,012 | 0.2% | 7.0% | 14.8% | 145M | 5.6% | 48.7% | 71.7 | 25.9% |
| 2015 | $1.36T | $9,278 | $23,994 | −2.0% | 15.5% | 15.3% | 145M | 5.6% | 28.8% | 71.2 | 28.7% |
| 2014 | $2.06T | $14,055 | $25,688 | 0.7% | 7.8% | 15.1% | 144M | 5.2% | 18.7% | 70.7 | 27.1% |
| 2013 | $2.29T | $15,941 | $26,020 | 1.8% | 6.8% | 12.3% | 144M | 5.5% | 33.6% | 70.6 | 25.8% |
| 2012 | $2.21T | $15,402 | $24,274 | 4.0% | 5.1% | 11.2% | 143M | 5.5% | 37.4% | 70.1 | 26.9% |
| 2011 | $2.05T | $14,305 | $22,790 | 4.3% | 8.4% | 10.3% | 143M | 6.6% | 38.3% | 69.7 | 28.1% |
| 2010 | $1.52T | $10,675 | $20,490 | 4.5% | 6.8% | 10.1% | 143M | 7.4% | 62.4% | 68.8 | 29.2% |
| 2009 | $1.22T | $8,563 | $19,390 | −7.8% | 11.6% | 9.9% | 143M | 8.3% | 62.3% | 68.7 | 27.9% |
| 2008 | $1.66T | $11,635 | $20,164 | 5.2% | 14.1% | 7.4% | 143M | 6.2% | 67.9 | 31.3% | |
| 2007 | $1.3T | $9,101 | $16,648 | 8.5% | 9.0% | 8.0% | 143M | 6.0% | 67.6 | 30.2% | |
| 2006 | $990B | $6,920 | $14,912 | 8.2% | 9.7% | 9.8% | 143M | 7.1% | 66.7 | 33.7% | |
| 2005 | $764B | $5,323 | $11,822 | 6.4% | 12.7% | 14.9% | 144M | 7.1% | 65.5 | 35.2% | |
| 2004 | $591B | $4,102 | $10,227 | 7.2% | 10.9% | 20.8% | 144M | 7.8% | 65.5 | 34.4% | |
| 2003 | $430B | $2,975 | $9,255 | 7.3% | 13.7% | 28.3% | 145M | 8.2% | 65.0 | 35.2% | |
| 2002 | $345B | $2,378 | $8,037 | 4.7% | 15.8% | 37.6% | 145M | 7.9% | 65.1 | 35.2% | |
| 2001 | $307B | $2,100 | $7,361 | 5.1% | 21.5% | 44.4% | 146M | 9.0% | 65.4 | 36.9% | |
| 2000 | $260B | $1,772 | $6,825 | 10.0% | 20.8% | 55.9% | 147M | 10.6% | 65.5 | 44.1% | |
| 1999 | $196B | $1,331 | $5,914 | 6.4% | 85.7% | 92.4% | 147M | 13.0% | 66.0 | 43.2% | |
| 1998 | $271B | $1,835 | $5,465 | −5.3% | 27.7% | 135.2% | 148M | 13.3% | 67.0 | 31.2% | |
| 1997 | $405B | $2,738 | $5,700 | 1.4% | 14.8% | 51.5% | 148M | 11.8% | 66.7 | 24.7% | |
| 1996 | $392B | $2,644 | $5,518 | −3.8% | 47.8% | 148M | 9.7% | 65.9 | 26.1% | ||
| 1995 | $396B | $2,666 | $5,613 | −4.1% | 197.4% | 148M | 9.4% | 64.7 | 29.3% | ||
| 1994 | $395B | $2,662 | $5,734 | −12.6% | 307.7% | 148M | 8.1% | 64.5 | 27.8% | ||
| 1993 | $435B | $2,931 | $6,420 | −8.7% | 874.2% | 148M | 5.9% | 64.9 | 38.2% | ||
| 1992 | $460B | $3,099 | $6,862 | −14.5% | 1,569% | 149M | 5.2% | 66.9 | 62.3% | ||
| 1991 | $518B | $3,490 | $7,858 | −5.0% | 135.6% | 148M | 5.1% | 68.5 | 13.3% | ||
| 1990 | $517B | $3,494 | $8,028 | −3.0% | 148M | 68.9 | 18.2% | ||||
| 1989 | $507B | $3,430 | 148M | 69.2 | 21.9% | ||||||
| 1988 | $555B | $3,778 | 147M | 69.5 | |||||||
| 1987 | 146M | 69.4 | |||||||||
| 1986 | 145M | 69.4 | |||||||||
| 1985 | 144M | 67.9 | |||||||||
| 1984 | 143M | 67.2 | |||||||||
| 1983 | 142M | 67.7 | |||||||||
| 1982 | 141M | 67.8 | |||||||||
| 1981 | 140M | 67.3 | |||||||||
| 1980 | 139M | 67.0 | |||||||||
| 1979 | 138M | 67.1 | |||||||||
| 1978 | 137M | 67.4 | |||||||||
| 1977 | 136M | 67.4 | |||||||||
| 1976 | 135M | 67.5 | |||||||||
| 1975 | 134M | 67.7 | |||||||||
| 1974 | 133M | 68.3 | |||||||||
| 1973 | 133M | 68.3 | |||||||||
| 1972 | 132M | 68.3 | |||||||||
| 1971 | 131M | 68.4 | |||||||||
| 1970 | 130M | 68.1 | |||||||||
| 1969 | 130M | 67.9 | |||||||||
| 1968 | 129M | 68.3 | |||||||||
| 1967 | 128M | 68.4 | |||||||||
| 1966 | 127M | 68.6 | |||||||||
| 1965 | 127M | 68.5 | |||||||||
| 1964 | 125M | 68.7 | |||||||||
| 1963 | 124M | 68.3 | |||||||||
| 1962 | 123M | 67.7 | |||||||||
| 1961 | 121M | 67.8 | |||||||||
| 1960 | 120M | 67.5 |
e: IMF estimate; f: IMF forecast. Inflation: IMF data for 1991–1992, World Bank for the other years.
Nearby economies in Europe & Central Asia
Nearest by distance between capitals, with GDP per capita.
Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Channel Islands · Croatia · Cyprus · Czechia · Denmark · Estonia · Faroe Islands · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Isle of Man · Italy · Kazakhstan · Kosovo · Kyrgyzstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · North Macedonia · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Tajikistan · Turkmenistan · Türkiye · Ukraine · United Kingdom · Uzbekistan
Rankings
GDP by country · GDP per capita · Real GDP growth · Inflation by country · Government debt to GDP · Stock market to GDP · Population by country · Unemployment by country
Data and methods
- GDP: gross domestic product in current US dollars, converted from the local currency at market exchange rates (World Bank); not adjusted for inflation.
- Purchasing power parity (PPP): GDP per person in international dollars, which buy the same basket of goods and services in every country. It compares living standards across countries in the same year; it is not adjusted for inflation over time.
- In 2025 dollars: the charts can remove US inflation (US consumer price index, annual average) so that dollar amounts from different years compare in today's money. Exchange rate swings still show.
- Growth and inflation: World Bank data (calendar years). Years the World Bank does not cover yet, and the estimates and forecasts, come from the IMF World Economic Outlook (October 2026): its forecasts start in 2026, and the years after a country's last actual year are IMF estimates.
- Government debt: gross debt of the general government (central, state and local government and social security funds) as a percentage of GDP, IMF. The World Bank's central government debt is narrower and covers fewer countries.
- Stock market capitalization: the end-of-year value of domestic companies listed on the country's exchanges (World Federation of Exchanges via the World Bank; before 2016, Standard & Poor's), as a percentage of GDP: the “Buffett indicator”. Investment funds are excluded, and so are companies listed only abroad; companies from elsewhere that list on an exchange count for its country (Hong Kong lists many mainland Chinese companies).
- Unemployment: ILO modeled estimates (share of the labor force); comparable across countries, but they may differ from national figures.
- Removed: zeros that stand for missing data in the source: inflation of Russia in 1990.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Source: Bank of Russia