Europe & Central Asia · High income
Estonia: the economy in numbers
Per person: $34,418, or $52,106 at purchasing power parity. Population: 1.37 million (2025).
GDP in 2025, current US dollars: #102 of 204 economies. IMF forecast for 2026: +2.1%.
GDP
Adjusted for US inflation, in 2025 dollars: $8.95 billion in 1993, $47 billion in 2025.
GDP per capita
In 2025 dollars: $5,991 per person in 1993, $34,418 in 2025.
Real GDP growth
Average over 2016–2025: 1.7% a year. Years of falling GDP since 1991: 11 of 35.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Inflation
Consumer prices rose 2.71 times from 2000 to 2025. Highest annual inflation: 89.8% in 1993.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Government debt, % of GDP
Highest since 1995: 24.0% of GDP in 2025. IMF forecast for 2031: 43.1%.
Population
1960: 1.21 million · 2025: 1.37 million.
Unemployment rate
1991: 1.5% · 2025: 8.3%.
Life expectancy at birth
1960: 68.7 years · 2024: 79.3 years.
Exports of goods and services
1993: 64.1% · 2025: 78.4%.
Data by year
Show the year-by-year table
| Year | GDP | GDP per capita | Per capita, PPP | Real growth | Inflation | Gov. debt, % GDP | Population | Unemployment | Life expectancy | Exports, % GDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2031 | 1.7%f | 2.3%f | 43.1%f | |||||||
| 2030 | 1.7%f | 2.3%f | 40.8%f | |||||||
| 2029 | 1.7%f | 2.3%f | 38.2%f | |||||||
| 2028 | 1.9%f | 2.4%f | 34.7%f | |||||||
| 2027 | 2.2%f | 3.3%f | 31.1%f | |||||||
| 2026 | 2.1%f | 3.0%f | 27.5%f | |||||||
| 2025 | $47B | $34,418 | $52,106 | 0.6% | 4.8% | 24.0% | 1.37M | 8.3% | 78.4% | |
| 2024 | $43.1B | $31,428 | $50,396 | −0.1% | 3.5% | 23.5% | 1.37M | 7.6% | 79.3 | 75.7% |
| 2023 | $41.5B | $30,264 | $48,848 | −2.7% | 9.2% | 20.3% | 1.37M | 6.4% | 78.8 | 77.8% |
| 2022 | $38.2B | $28,340 | $48,030 | −1.2% | 19.4% | 19.1% | 1.35M | 5.6% | 77.8 | 87.4% |
| 2021 | $37.2B | $27,951 | $44,247 | 8.3% | 4.6% | 18.4% | 1.33M | 6.2% | 76.9 | 79.6% |
| 2020 | $31.8B | $23,934 | $40,672 | −2.9% | −0.4% | 19.1% | 1.33M | 7.0% | 78.6 | 68.2% |
| 2019 | $31.9B | $24,021 | $40,586 | 3.7% | 2.3% | 9.0% | 1.33M | 4.5% | 78.6 | 72.0% |
| 2018 | $31.2B | $23,618 | $37,121 | 3.7% | 3.4% | 8.5% | 1.32M | 5.4% | 78.2 | 72.9% |
| 2017 | $27.5B | $20,852 | $34,507 | 5.6% | 3.4% | 9.4% | 1.32M | 5.8% | 78.1 | 74.3% |
| 2016 | $24.6B | $18,666 | $31,948 | 3.1% | 0.1% | 10.2% | 1.32M | 6.9% | 77.6 | 75.5% |
| 2015 | $23.3B | $17,722 | $29,713 | 1.8% | −0.5% | 10.8% | 1.32M | 6.4% | 77.6 | 76.0% |
| 2014 | $27.1B | $20,582 | $29,404 | 3.3% | −0.1% | 11.6% | 1.31M | 7.4% | 77.0 | 80.6% |
| 2013 | $25.5B | $19,310 | $27,831 | 1.8% | 2.8% | 11.4% | 1.32M | 8.6% | 77.1 | 83.5% |
| 2012 | $23.2B | $17,568 | $26,243 | 3.7% | 3.9% | 11.1% | 1.32M | 10.0% | 76.3 | 85.4% |
| 2011 | $23.3B | $17,556 | $24,652 | 7.6% | 5.0% | 7.6% | 1.33M | 12.3% | 76.2 | 86.3% |
| 2010 | $19.5B | $14,664 | $21,614 | 2.4% | 3.0% | 8.0% | 1.33M | 16.7% | 75.4 | 75.0% |
| 2009 | $19.6B | $14,712 | $20,489 | −14.6% | −0.1% | 8.0% | 1.33M | 13.5% | 74.8 | 60.9% |
| 2008 | $24.3B | $18,206 | $22,804 | −5.1% | 10.4% | 4.7% | 1.34M | 5.5% | 73.8 | 66.4% |
| 2007 | $22.5B | $16,745 | $22,201 | 7.6% | 6.6% | 3.9% | 1.34M | 4.6% | 72.8 | 62.6% |
| 2006 | $17B | $12,641 | $19,344 | 9.8% | 4.4% | 4.7% | 1.35M | 5.9% | 72.7 | 63.3% |
| 2005 | $14.1B | $10,415 | $16,638 | 9.5% | 4.1% | 4.7% | 1.35M | 8.0% | 72.6 | 65.4% |
| 2004 | $12.1B | $8,916 | $14,538 | 6.8% | 3.0% | 5.2% | 1.36M | 10.2% | 71.9 | 61.1% |
| 2003 | $9.88B | $7,205 | $13,135 | 7.6% | 1.3% | 5.6% | 1.37M | 11.3% | 71.3 | 57.1% |
| 2002 | $7.37B | $5,343 | $11,667 | 6.9% | 3.6% | 5.7% | 1.38M | 10.0% | 70.9 | 57.9% |
| 2001 | $6.25B | $4,503 | $10,309 | 5.9% | 5.8% | 4.9% | 1.39M | 13.1% | 70.3 | 61.3% |
| 2000 | $5.69B | $4,071 | $9,425 | 10.1% | 4.0% | 5.1% | 1.4M | 13.4% | 70.4 | 61.6% |
| 1999 | $5.76B | $4,141 | $8,412 | −0.4% | 3.3% | 5.9% | 1.39M | 11.6% | 70.1 | 69.9% |
| 1998 | $5.67B | $4,093 | $8,451 | 4.3% | 8.2% | 5.4% | 1.39M | 9.5% | 69.4 | 73.6% |
| 1997 | $5.15B | $3,683 | $7,980 | 13.1% | 10.6% | 6.0% | 1.4M | 10.4% | 69.8 | 70.4% |
| 1996 | $4.79B | $3,381 | $6,892 | 4.9% | 23.1% | 7.3% | 1.42M | 9.9% | 69.6 | 61.3% |
| 1995 | $4.5B | $3,134 | $6,480 | 4.5% | 28.8% | 8.7% | 1.44M | 9.7% | 67.5 | 65.9% |
| 1994 | $4.12B | $2,819 | $5,967 | −1.6% | 47.7% | 1.46M | 7.6% | 66.5 | 69.1% | |
| 1993 | $4.01B | $2,686 | $5,814 | −5.7% | 89.8% | 1.49M | 6.5% | 67.9 | 64.1% | |
| 1992 | $5,872 | −21.2% | 1.53M | 3.7% | 68.9 | |||||
| 1991 | $7,151 | −8.0% | 1.56M | 1.5% | 69.4 | |||||
| 1990 | $7,481 | 1.57M | 69.5 | |||||||
| 1989 | 1.57M | 70.0 | ||||||||
| 1988 | 1.56M | 70.7 | ||||||||
| 1987 | 1.55M | 70.6 | ||||||||
| 1986 | 1.54M | 70.1 | ||||||||
| 1985 | 1.53M | 69.4 | ||||||||
| 1984 | 1.52M | 69.3 | ||||||||
| 1983 | 1.51M | 69.4 | ||||||||
| 1982 | 1.5M | 69.1 | ||||||||
| 1981 | 1.49M | 69.0 | ||||||||
| 1980 | 1.48M | 69.1 | ||||||||
| 1979 | 1.47M | 69.1 | ||||||||
| 1978 | 1.46M | 69.3 | ||||||||
| 1977 | 1.45M | 69.4 | ||||||||
| 1976 | 1.44M | 69.3 | ||||||||
| 1975 | 1.43M | 69.7 | ||||||||
| 1974 | 1.42M | 70.3 | ||||||||
| 1973 | 1.41M | 70.2 | ||||||||
| 1972 | 1.39M | 69.9 | ||||||||
| 1971 | 1.38M | 70.1 | ||||||||
| 1970 | 1.36M | 69.9 | ||||||||
| 1969 | 1.35M | 69.8 | ||||||||
| 1968 | 1.33M | 70.1 | ||||||||
| 1967 | 1.32M | 70.4 | ||||||||
| 1966 | 1.31M | 70.1 | ||||||||
| 1965 | 1.29M | 70.2 | ||||||||
| 1964 | 1.28M | 70.1 | ||||||||
| 1963 | 1.26M | 69.3 | ||||||||
| 1962 | 1.24M | 69.3 | ||||||||
| 1961 | 1.23M | 69.1 | ||||||||
| 1960 | 1.21M | 68.7 |
e: IMF estimate; f: IMF forecast.
Nearby economies in Europe & Central Asia
Nearest by distance between capitals, with GDP per capita.
Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Channel Islands · Croatia · Cyprus · Czechia · Denmark · Estonia · Faroe Islands · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Isle of Man · Italy · Kazakhstan · Kosovo · Kyrgyzstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · North Macedonia · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Tajikistan · Turkmenistan · Türkiye · Ukraine · United Kingdom · Uzbekistan
Rankings
GDP by country · GDP per capita · Real GDP growth · Inflation by country · Government debt to GDP · Stock market to GDP · Population by country · Unemployment by country
Data and methods
- GDP: gross domestic product in current US dollars, converted from the local currency at market exchange rates (World Bank); not adjusted for inflation.
- Purchasing power parity (PPP): GDP per person in international dollars, which buy the same basket of goods and services in every country. It compares living standards across countries in the same year; it is not adjusted for inflation over time.
- In 2025 dollars: the charts can remove US inflation (US consumer price index, annual average) so that dollar amounts from different years compare in today's money. Exchange rate swings still show.
- Growth and inflation: World Bank data (calendar years). Years the World Bank does not cover yet, and the estimates and forecasts, come from the IMF World Economic Outlook (October 2026): its forecasts start in 2026, and the years after a country's last actual year are IMF estimates.
- Government debt: gross debt of the general government (central, state and local government and social security funds) as a percentage of GDP, IMF. The World Bank's central government debt is narrower and covers fewer countries.
- Stock market capitalization: the end-of-year value of domestic companies listed on the country's exchanges (World Federation of Exchanges via the World Bank; before 2016, Standard & Poor's), as a percentage of GDP: the “Buffett indicator”. Investment funds are excluded, and so are companies listed only abroad; companies from elsewhere that list on an exchange count for its country (Hong Kong lists many mainland Chinese companies).
- Unemployment: ILO modeled estimates (share of the labor force); comparable across countries, but they may differ from national figures.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)