Europe & Central Asia · Upper middle income
Kazakhstan: the economy in numbers
Per person: $14,692, or $44,293 at purchasing power parity. Population: 20.8 million (2025).
GDP in 2025, current US dollars: #49 of 204 economies. IMF forecast for 2026: +4.4%.
GDP
Adjusted for US inflation, in 2025 dollars: $66.4 billion in 1990, $306 billion in 2025.
GDP per capita
In 2025 dollars: $3,872 per person in 1990, $14,692 in 2025.
Real GDP growth
Average over 2016–2025: 3.5% a year. Years of falling GDP since 1991: 7 of 35.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Inflation
Consumer prices rose 7.95 times from 2000 to 2025. Highest annual inflation: 1,877% in 1994. Years with inflation above 100%: 3. The chart cuts the scale at 100%; “Full scale” shows everything.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)
Government debt, % of GDP
Highest since 2002: 26.4% of GDP in 2020. IMF forecast for 2031: 29.8%.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)
Stock market capitalization, % of GDP
In 2025 listed domestic companies were worth $158 billion, or 51.7% of GDP.
Population
1960: 9.43 million · 2025: 20.8 million.
Unemployment rate
1991: 0.9% · 2025: 4.8%.
Life expectancy at birth
1960: 57.9 years · 2024: 74.5 years.
Exports of goods and services
1992: 74.0% · 2024: 31.6%.
Data by year
Show the year-by-year table
| Year | GDP | GDP per capita | Per capita, PPP | Real growth | Inflation | Gov. debt, % GDP | Population | Unemployment | Stock market, % GDP | Life expectancy | Exports, % GDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2031 | 3.6%f | 5.0%f | 29.8%f | ||||||||
| 2030 | 3.7%f | 5.1%f | 29.0%f | ||||||||
| 2029 | 3.8%f | 5.8%f | 28.3%f | ||||||||
| 2028 | 3.5%f | 7.1%f | 26.9%f | ||||||||
| 2027 | 4.9%f | 8.2%f | 25.1%f | ||||||||
| 2026 | 4.4%f | 10.3%f | 23.8%f | ||||||||
| 2025 | $306B | $14,692 | $44,293 | 6.5% | 11.4% | 24.3%e | 20.8M | 4.8% | 51.7% | ||
| 2024 | $291B | $14,155 | $40,950 | 5.0% | 8.7% | 24.4% | 20.6M | 4.8% | 47.7% | 74.5 | 31.6% |
| 2023 | $262B | $12,879 | $38,547 | 5.1% | 14.5% | 23.0% | 20.3M | 4.8% | 22.6% | 74.4 | 34.7% |
| 2022 | $225B | $11,255 | $35,889 | 3.2% | 15.0% | 23.5% | 20M | 4.9% | 20.3% | 73.5 | 41.6% |
| 2021 | $197B | $9,984 | $32,946 | 4.3% | 8.0% | 25.1% | 19.7M | 5.6% | 33.4% | 70.1 | 33.6% |
| 2020 | $171B | $8,782 | $29,040 | −2.5% | 6.8% | 26.4% | 19.5M | 4.9% | 22.4% | 71.2 | 30.5% |
| 2019 | $182B | $9,457 | $28,689 | 4.5% | 5.3% | 19.9% | 19.2M | 4.8% | 22.4% | 73.7 | 36.4% |
| 2018 | $179B | $9,472 | $25,096 | 4.1% | 6.2% | 20.3% | 18.9M | 4.8% | 20.6% | 73.4 | 37.6% |
| 2017 | $167B | $8,943 | $23,973 | 4.1% | 7.4% | 19.9% | 18.7M | 4.9% | 27.3% | 73.0 | 32.4% |
| 2016 | $137B | $7,476 | $23,023 | 1.1% | 14.4% | 19.7% | 18.4M | 5.0% | 29.3% | 72.5 | 31.8% |
| 2015 | $184B | $10,196 | $22,484 | 1.2% | 6.7% | 21.9% | 18.1M | 4.9% | 18.9% | 72.0 | 28.5% |
| 2014 | $221B | $12,428 | $23,958 | 4.2% | 6.8% | 14.5% | 17.8M | 5.1% | 10.4% | 71.4 | 39.3% |
| 2013 | $237B | $13,478 | $23,754 | 6.0% | 5.9% | 12.6% | 17.6M | 5.2% | 11.1% | 70.7 | 38.6% |
| 2012 | $208B | $12,019 | $21,367 | 4.8% | 5.2% | 12.1% | 17.3M | 5.3% | 11.3% | 69.9 | 44.1% |
| 2011 | $193B | $11,287 | $20,160 | 7.4% | 8.5% | 10.2% | 17.1M | 5.4% | 11.7% | 69.1 | 46.5% |
| 2010 | $148B | $8,793 | $18,642 | 7.3% | 7.4% | 10.7% | 16.8M | 5.8% | 18.0% | 68.3 | 44.2% |
| 2009 | $115B | $6,938 | $17,389 | 1.2% | 7.3% | 10.2% | 16.6M | 6.5% | 24.2% | 67.5 | 41.8% |
| 2008 | $133B | $8,124 | $17,278 | 3.3% | 17.1% | 6.8% | 16.4M | 6.6% | 17.4% | 66.8 | 57.1% |
| 2007 | $105B | $6,449 | $16,581 | 8.9% | 10.8% | 4.1% | 16.3M | 7.3% | 39.5% | 66.2 | 49.3% |
| 2006 | $81B | $5,030 | $14,966 | 10.7% | 8.7% | 6.7% | 16.1M | 7.8% | 53.9% | 65.7 | 51.0% |
| 2005 | $57.1B | $3,577 | $13,226 | 9.7% | 7.6% | 8.1% | 16M | 8.1% | 18.4% | 65.4 | 53.2% |
| 2004 | $43.2B | $2,722 | $11,777 | 9.6% | 6.9% | 11.4% | 15.9M | 8.4% | 9.1% | 65.0 | 52.5% |
| 2003 | $30.8B | $1,958 | $10,532 | 9.3% | 6.4% | 15.0% | 15.7M | 8.8% | 7.9% | 64.8 | 48.4% |
| 2002 | $24.6B | $1,574 | $9,504 | 9.8% | 5.8% | 17.6% | 15.7M | 9.3% | 5.2% | 64.4 | 47.0% |
| 2001 | $22.2B | $1,422 | $8,568 | 13.5% | 8.4% | 15.6M | 10.4% | 64.1 | 45.9% | ||
| 2000 | $18.3B | $1,180 | $7,418 | 9.8% | 13.2% | 15.5M | 12.8% | 63.8 | 56.6% | ||
| 1999 | $16.9B | $1,092 | $6,626 | 2.7% | 8.3% | 15.5M | 13.5% | 63.5 | 42.5% | ||
| 1998 | $22.1B | $1,415 | $6,284 | −1.9% | 7.1% | 15.6M | 13.1% | 7.7% | 63.3 | 30.3% | |
| 1997 | $22.2B | $1,382 | $6,178 | 1.7% | 17.4% | 16M | 13.0% | 63.3 | 34.9% | ||
| 1996 | $21B | $1,281 | $5,836 | 0.5% | 39.2% | 16.4M | 13.0% | 63.5 | 35.3% | ||
| 1995 | $20.4B | $1,218 | $5,595 | −8.2% | 176.2% | 16.7M | 11.0% | 63.7 | 39.0% | ||
| 1994 | $21.3B | $1,247 | $5,860 | −12.6% | 1,877% | 17M | 7.5% | 64.1 | 37.1% | ||
| 1993 | $23.4B | $1,355 | $6,477 | −9.2% | 1,662% | 17.3M | 1.1% | 64.5 | 37.9% | ||
| 1992 | $24.9B | $1,438 | $6,945 | −5.3% | 17.3M | 1.0% | 65.0 | 74.0% | |||
| 1991 | $24.9B | $1,442 | $7,193 | −11.0% | 17.3M | 0.9% | 65.4 | ||||
| 1990 | $26.9B | $1,570 | $7,874 | 17.2M | 65.7 | ||||||
| 1989 | 17M | 65.9 | |||||||||
| 1988 | 16.8M | 66.0 | |||||||||
| 1987 | 16.5M | 66.0 | |||||||||
| 1986 | 16.3M | 65.8 | |||||||||
| 1985 | 16M | 65.4 | |||||||||
| 1984 | 15.8M | 64.8 | |||||||||
| 1983 | 15.7M | 64.2 | |||||||||
| 1982 | 15.5M | 63.6 | |||||||||
| 1981 | 15.3M | 63.0 | |||||||||
| 1980 | 15.2M | 62.5 | |||||||||
| 1979 | 15M | 62.1 | |||||||||
| 1978 | 14.7M | 61.8 | |||||||||
| 1977 | 14.4M | 61.5 | |||||||||
| 1976 | 14M | 61.3 | |||||||||
| 1975 | 13.7M | 61.1 | |||||||||
| 1974 | 13.5M | 60.9 | |||||||||
| 1973 | 13.2M | 60.7 | |||||||||
| 1972 | 13M | 60.5 | |||||||||
| 1971 | 12.7M | 60.3 | |||||||||
| 1970 | 12.4M | 60.0 | |||||||||
| 1969 | 12.2M | 59.8 | |||||||||
| 1968 | 11.9M | 59.6 | |||||||||
| 1967 | 11.6M | 59.4 | |||||||||
| 1966 | 11.3M | 59.2 | |||||||||
| 1965 | 11M | 59.0 | |||||||||
| 1964 | 10.7M | 58.8 | |||||||||
| 1963 | 10.4M | 58.6 | |||||||||
| 1962 | 10.1M | 58.4 | |||||||||
| 1961 | 9.74M | 58.2 | |||||||||
| 1960 | 9.43M | 57.9 |
e: IMF estimate; f: IMF forecast. Inflation: IMF data for 1993, World Bank for the other years.
Nearby economies in Europe & Central Asia
Nearest by distance between capitals, with GDP per capita.
Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Channel Islands · Croatia · Cyprus · Czechia · Denmark · Estonia · Faroe Islands · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Isle of Man · Italy · Kazakhstan · Kosovo · Kyrgyzstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · North Macedonia · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Tajikistan · Turkmenistan · Türkiye · Ukraine · United Kingdom · Uzbekistan
Rankings
GDP by country · GDP per capita · Real GDP growth · Inflation by country · Government debt to GDP · Stock market to GDP · Population by country · Unemployment by country
Data and methods
- GDP: gross domestic product in current US dollars, converted from the local currency at market exchange rates (World Bank); not adjusted for inflation.
- Purchasing power parity (PPP): GDP per person in international dollars, which buy the same basket of goods and services in every country. It compares living standards across countries in the same year; it is not adjusted for inflation over time.
- In 2025 dollars: the charts can remove US inflation (US consumer price index, annual average) so that dollar amounts from different years compare in today's money. Exchange rate swings still show.
- Growth and inflation: World Bank data (calendar years). Years the World Bank does not cover yet, and the estimates and forecasts, come from the IMF World Economic Outlook (October 2026): its forecasts start in 2026, and the years after a country's last actual year are IMF estimates.
- Government debt: gross debt of the general government (central, state and local government and social security funds) as a percentage of GDP, IMF. The World Bank's central government debt is narrower and covers fewer countries.
- Stock market capitalization: the end-of-year value of domestic companies listed on the country's exchanges (World Federation of Exchanges via the World Bank; before 2016, Standard & Poor's), as a percentage of GDP: the “Buffett indicator”. Investment funds are excluded, and so are companies listed only abroad; companies from elsewhere that list on an exchange count for its country (Hong Kong lists many mainland Chinese companies).
- Unemployment: ILO modeled estimates (share of the labor force); comparable across countries, but they may differ from national figures.
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0)
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (October 2026)